Flash
A Library to Ease Accessing Flash-based (PROGMEM) Data
Storing static program data in flash/PROGMEM is a tricky part of Arduino programming. To save precious RAM, a novice user already at odds with unfamiliar C++ syntax must digest such daunting concepts as prog_char, PSTR(), PROGMEM, pgm_read_word(), etc. Even seasoned users get tripped up by the indirection and typecasting that are required to retrieve valid PROGMEM data. Add to that a couple of apparent bugs in the implementation, and it’s clear that PROGMEM is a complicated mess.
I have written a new library, Flash, which abstracts away most of this complexity. It provides new String, Array, Table, and String Array types that make ROM-based data collections as easy to use as “normal” types. Each overrides the C++ [] operator, so to extract individual elements one uses familiar array access syntax:
// float array example float t = temperatures[950]; // (2D) font table example digitalWrite(pin[i], font_table['a'][i]); // string example for (int i=0; i<str.length(); ++i) if (str[i] == ';') break;
Download and Installation
To install this library, download here, unzip the archive into the Arduino “libraries” folder, and restart Arduino. You should rename the folder “Flash”, because the IDE doesn’t like dashes in the name.
Creating named Flash objects
To create a Flash object, you use a library-provided macro. Each of the four basic types provides its own creation macro:
Strings: FLASH_STRING(name, value)
Arrays: FLASH_ARRAY(type, name, list of values…)
Tables: FLASH_TABLE(type, name, columns, values…)
String Arrays: FLASH_STRING_ARRAY(name, values…)
Examples:
FLASH_STRING(big_string, "Moreover, as you might appreciate, "
"their implications were such as to provoke a certain "
"degree of sorrow within me. Indeed - why should I not "
"admit it? - at that moment, my heart was breaking.");
FLASH_ARRAY(float, temperatures, 23.1, 23.1, 23.2, 23.2, 23.4,
23.7, 25.0, 26.0, 26.8, 28.8, 30.2, 31.9, 33.1, 33.1, 33.2,
33.2, 33.4, 33.7, 35.0, 36.0, 36.8, 38.8, 40.2, 41.9);
FLASH_TABLE(boolean, font_table, 7, {0,0,0,0,0,0,0},
{0,0,0,1,0,1,1}, {1,0,1,1,1,0,1}, {1,1,0,0,0,0,0},
{0,1,0,1,0,1,0}, {1,0,1,1,1,0,1}, {1,0,0,1,0,0,1},
{0,0,1,1,0,1,1}, {1,0,1,1,1,1,1});
FLASH_STRING_ARRAY(digits, PSTR("Zero"), PSTR("One"),
PSTR("Two"), PSTR("Three"), PSTR("Four"), PSTR("Five"),
PSTR("Six"), PSTR("Seven"), PSTR("Eight"), PSTR("Nine"));
[Note that you can make Arrays and Tables out of any native type.]
[Note also that the String Array is a slightly special case. For technical reasons, as you can see in the example, each member of the array initializer must be wrapped with the PSTR() operator. For this reason, String Arrays cannot be declared at global scope, but must be non-statically defined within in the body of a function. Note also that while the individual strings in a String Array are contained in PROGMEM space, the array itself (again, for technical reasons) is RAM-based, consuming 2 bytes per array element. This limitation does not apply to the other Flash types.]
Using named Flash objects
Array-like access. Each Flash type provides an [] operator to get access to the underlying data, for example:
// extract an element from an Array
float t = temperatures[5];
// examine characters in a String
for (int i=0; i if (big_string[i] == 'O') ++big_O_counter;
// Use a font table to configure a 7-segment display
for (int i=0; i digitalWrite(pins[i], font_table[1][i]);
// Examine the sizes of strings in a String Array
for (int i=0; i Serial.println(digits[i].length());
Since Tables are really just two-dimensional arrays, the Table object’s implementation of [] returns a one-dimensional Array object.
Size. Each Flash type provides a mechanism for determining its size:
String and String Array: size_t length();
Array: size_t count();
Table: size_t rows(); size_t cols();
Access. If you need it, each Flash object provides an access() method that returns the underlying PROGMEM pointer
Print compatibility. Each Flash object has a print() method that can be used to serialize the object to any stream derived from core class Print (HardwareSerial, NewSoftSerial, LiquidCrystal, Ethernet, PString, etc.) See “Printing Flash objects” below.
String copy. Flash String objects may be copied in whole or part to RAM using the String object’s copy method:
// copies the first 10 characters of the big_string
char temp[11];
big_string.copy(temp, 10);
Printing Flash objects
Each Flash object can “print” itself, using either its print method directly:
temperatures.print(Serial);
big_string.print(lcd);
font_table.print(softserial);
or, equivalently, by using the << streaming operator:
Serial << temperatures;
lcd << big_string;
softserial << font_table;
Library Version
You can retrieve the version of the Flash library by inspecting FLASH_LIBRARY_VERSION.
int ver = FLASH_LIBRARY_VERSION;
Download
The latest version of Flash is available here: Flash5.zip
Change Log
- initial version
- moved some code to a new .cpp file to avoid inlining every member function
- fixed a bug in the copy() method
Acknowledgements
Thanks to forum user Bill W. (“westfw”) for testing Flash and observing that Strings take up a surprising amount of extra PROGMEM space (20 bytes per string). I used his data to modify the library so that some of the commonly used functions, notably the _FLASH_STRING constructor are not inlined. This change reduces the footprint of the example programs noticeably. Thanks, Bill!
I appreciate any suggestions or input.
Mikal Hart
March 24th, 2009 → 9:59 am
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June 18th, 2009 → 4:01 pm
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